The Negative Impacts of Cybercrime on Business and Society Research Paper

The Negative Impacts of Cybercrime on Business and Society - Research Paper Example Computer crime (commonly referred to as cybercrime) is a reference to any type of criminal activity that involves the use of a computer or an internal/external network. This type of activity has been increasing at alarming rates over the past few decades, to the point that seemingly no one is immune from becoming a victim. Cybercrime can take on many shapes and forms. It can begin as something seemingly harmless, and rise to one of the gravest threats to personal and national security that exists today. It is also a troubling trend that the majority of the perpetrators of such crimes appear be young people under the age of 26. They often justify their actions initially as harmless hacking just for fun, but they quickly realize that their actions could prove to be quite lucrative. The harm done to victims of cybercrime, however, are immense. It is important to note that cybercrime does not only involve a financial element. There are crimes being committed that involve spam, harassment, threats, child pornography, and child endangerment just to name a few. Moreover, Cyber threats are becoming a dominant and challenging factor for organizations, as it leverages many risks that are constantly changing as cyber-crime spread by a number of peoples acting independently and having their own varied self-interest (Hardin, 1968), every now and then, there are new security breaches resulting in stolen credit card records, stolen personal information and losses in terms of customer confidence, as well as revenue. NO matter how advanced the security controls are, still incidents and security breaches are on the rise. Relevance and Significance The security of networks and computers globally has been called into question in recent years. Globalization has increased the presence the cyber criminals, compounding efforts to truly secure and maintain reliable networks that can be trusted. Even the most secure of networks, be them owned and operated by government or private individuals, have been hacked into from time to time, leading one to wonder if t rue security is even possible (Kirschner, Buckingham, & Carr, 2002). These problems become relevant because the job of maintaining network security has fallen on individual companies, reducing their ability to expand as rapidly and profitably as possible. This is the result of the reality that the insecurity of their networks has become a primary concern (Layton, 2007). Rather than devoting more resources to research and development, for example, many agencies are need to reallocate resources for combating the increasing prevalence of cybercrime. Current research alludes that, in the face of growing concerns with cybercrime, and with the lack of true network society, individuals are becoming more and more hesitant to use networks to conduct commerce and financial transactions (Peltier, 2001). While it is true that Internet usage is up, trust in conducting electronic transactions is going down. Should this continue, the rapid globalization that we have experienced to this point will likely be compromised (Hung, Chang, & Yu, 2006). To further examine the relevance of this problem, it is helpful to briefly touch on the various types of

Is Cyber Love a Degraded Form of Real Life Love Essay

Is Cyber Love a Degraded Form of Real Life Love - Essay Example After chatting for several days, they realize that both of them cannot sleep tight without talking to their cyber friend or without saying goodnight to each other. The feeling of love develops when people are attracted towards each other or when the interest and hobbies match. When love happens online, it can then be tagged as cyber love. Cyber love results when couples chat with each other for months (Theng, 2009). There are various perceptions that people hold about cyber love. Most of them think that cyber love is unreal as people are not exactly aware of the identity of the person they are chatting with. Especially parents get scared for their children involved in online relationship. They are aware of the fact that cyber is a virtual world; therefore, one cannot trust people for their identity. Now the question arises if cyber love is a â€Å"degraded form† of real love. Before evaluating the phrase â€Å"cyber love†, there is a need to look at it through several p erspectives. Lately, there is an increasing trend in singles who are involved in cyber dating. Talk shows are a mean of creating hype for the cyber chatting. The movie You’ve Got Mail also contributed toward increasing the trend of cyber dating. Cyber love is, however, very different from real relationship. The cyber environment is quite restricted in comparison to the natural one. For a new cyber user, online chatting environment may be daunting (Grant, 2013). For new internet users, communicating through a cyber chat room is an obstacle at first. There are certain protocols which are followed online, for example, to avoid offending people and to in case of chatting with someone who recurs to the help of sarcasm. There is no non-verbal communication involved in chatting; typed words are the only mean through which a person may communicate and express his or her feeling for others. A newbie, before starting their chatting experience, observes other users interacting with each other. In this way, the newbie observes the internet chatting culture before they feel comfortable while interacting with others. To some degree, every internet user is mesmerised by the fantasy that it provides. The internet users must realise the fact that there is a certain level of sensitivity which is required to interact with others. There is a huge difference between interacting with people online and interacting with them in person. When two people continuously interact with one another through online chat room, they often fantasise that they have fallen in love. The chat room partners often plan to meet each on a specific day at a specific place. This is where reality meets fantasy. Several experiences have been shared by people where they have reported that their chat room partner was totally different from the one whose picture was displayed on the chat profile of their partner. After going through a period of disillusionment, people have understood how to use the intern et wisely and safely. Sherry Turkle, a sociology professor, studied the relationship that people share with computers, in his book Life on the Screen. He also defined the aspects of how people today relate themselves to the internet culture. According to professor Turkle, an individual builds one individual image of him/herself by cycling through several images.

Acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover by Tata

Acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover by Tata In 2008 Tata Motors, an Indian automaker wanted to expand its product portfolio and diversify its market base. It acquired the two iconic British brands Jaguar and Land Rover from the American automaker Ford Motor Corporation. This acquisition gave the company access to premium cars, a chance to add two iconic luxury brands to its stable and a global footprint. It gave struggling Ford a chance to rid itself of two loss-making vehicle units. JLR SWOT and PESTEL Analysis 2018 > The deal was transformational. It catapulted Tata Motors from a commercial vehicle and small-car manufacturer to a global player with marquee brands in its portfolio. The scale of the acquisition also was large relative to the size of Tata Motors The purchase especially that of Jaguar, by an Indian company was viewed as toppling of the world order and many critics expressed doubts about Tatas ability to retain the quality and standard of Jaguar Land Rover. Tata Group Chairman Ratan Tata assured the world that we have enormous respect for the two brands and will endeavour to preserve and build on their heritage and competitiveness, keeping their identities intact. For the 12-month period ended Dec 31, 2010, the auto makers revenue was in excess of 9.2 billion pounds ($15 billion), and net income for that period was $1.5 billion. The Tata Group, led by Mr. Ratan Tata, was determined to make the deal work and put to use the groups management skills, financial resources and credibility. To staunch the haemorrhage at the British unit, Tatas management focused on reducing costs, improving efficiencies and managing cash flow lessons that Tata Motors had learned during the downturn in 2001. Tata also infused $1 billion to fund operations and new product launches. When the market turned, the premier car maker was well poised to reap the benefits and turned profitable during the quarter ended Dec. 31, 2009, with a net profit of 55 million pounds ($90.6 million). HISTORY OF JAGUAR AND LANDROVER: Jaguar and Land Rover are two iconic British brands that were acquired by Ford Motor Corporation in 1989. Land Rover is a British car manufacturer that specializes in four wheel drive  vehicles. The name started from a single vehicle that was named by the Rover Company as Land Rover in the year 1948. After developments, this became a porch of a variety of four-wheel drive models such as Discovery, Defender, Range Rover and Freelander. In its history this company has had a number of ownership (Holbeche, 2009). In 1967 Leyland Motor Corporation absorbed the Rover Company. Leyland then formed a merger with the British Motor Holdings and formed British Leyland. The new company broke up in the 1980s but in 1988 the Land Rover (Rover Group) was purchased by British Aerospace. The Rover Group was acquired by BMW in the year 1994 but the merger broke down in 2000 where The Rover Group was taken up by Ford Motor Company. It was in the year 2008 that Land Rover was sold to Tata Motors t ogether with Jaguar cars (Johnson Turner, 2009). Jaguar Cars Ltd or Jaguar is a British luxury car manufacturer whose headquarters are located in Coventry UK. In 1922 the company was founded as Swallow Sidecar Company that used to make motorcycle sidecars and later passenger cars. After the Second World War, the SS connotations were unfavourable and then the name changed to Jaguar. The name changed to Leyland and eventually British Leyland in 1984 when it was listed in the London Stock Exchange. THE SALE: In the year 2007, the Ford Motor Company, a widely respected company which also happened to be the worlds third largest automaker based on vehicle sales worldwide, reported the largest annual loss in the history of establishment of the company since 1903.The Company reported a loss of $12.8 billion. It also stated that it would not return to profitability until 2009. Ford stated that weak economy is the primary reason to sell Jaguar and Land Rover. The two brands were however suffering losses often resulting in closure of few manufacturing plants and heavy cut in workforce The strategic Purchase: Tata Motors Limited stood to have both strategic and economic gains form the acquisition of both Jaguar and Land Rover. First and foremost, the deal would assist the company in acquiring a global footprint as well as entering the prestigious segment of the worldwide automobile market. After this deal, Tata Motors owned the cheapest car in the world (The Nano) going at around 2,500 as well as some of the most expensive and luxurious vehicles such as Land Rover and the Jaguar . Though the deal solicited some skeptism based on the fact that Tata was an Indian company that was about to display the luxury brands, ownership should not be a major issue in terms of the sales, service and marketing. Tata Motors will be promoted to become a major player in this industry after the acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover both of which have global presence as well as a good repertoire in terms of established brands, (Johnson Turner, 2009). The deal would also assist Tata Motors in reducing the dependence of the company to the Indian market which was at 90% of the companys sales before the acquisition. It is in this view that the company stands to gain a lot from the deal as its market would be spread out to other geographical regions across the globe. The opportunities in terms of the diverse customer segments would also be increased (Holbeche, 2009). There was the possibility of increased in terms of economies of scale which in turn promotes the cost efficiency. In real sense the deal will appear as an amalgamation of three different companies that have already gone into the market and as a result, the new firm that will be formed after the acquisition will have some increased operation scale. This will mean that the output production will rise and as a result the cost per unit production will be greatly reduced (Johnson Turner, 2009).    Tata Motors Limited prospected that the acquisition of the two Brands would enable it to have an all-inclusive line up of products ranging from cheapest to the most expensive automobiles in the market. The company has marked its presence in the local market (India) in the low as well as the mid-class market segments and after the acquisition; the company is likely to experience some of the segmentation of the markets that it has never plunged into. Jaguar cars are prestigious and luxurious and as a result the cars have an established market for most of the celebrities especially in the music world. On the other hand the Land Rover is a heavy duty vehicle and based on the fact that it is a four-wheel drive it is preferred by most of the governments to carry out different tasks in the rural areas where the road network is not developed, the vehicles are also famous among the affluent class of citizens and therefore the deal will enable Tata Motors to plunge into these market segmentati ons in which the company was not famous in (Johnson Turner, 2009). It is also worth to note that the other than the product incorporation, the company was facing tight competition from some of the chief opulence vehicles producers.   This segment of the market brought a lot of profits to the company it was highly competitive in terms of the global market. It was the prestigious brands that dominated the market based on the fact that they had the support of the big automobile companies. The German Porsche and the American Volkswagen companies backed some of the luxurious brands such as Audi and Porsche. Other brands that had the support of big companies included Mercedes, Lexus, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari and Fiat. After the deal, Tata Motors Limited would now be able to tackle these brands competitively (Holbeche, 2009). 2- What strengths of Jaguar and Land Rover were the most valuable for Tata? Through Tata Motors acquisition of two of the most respected and iconic British brands that is Land Rover and Jaguar from the Ford Motors based in the United States, Tata motors stands to enjoy some gain on several grounds from that deal. This acquisition came in handy for Tata since it helped the company in acquiring a global foundation hence ushering them into a more extended premier segment in regard to the global market of auto mobile products. Through this acquisition Tata would slide into possession of the cheapest car in the world thus the Nano at $2,500 in addition to recognized and well respected luxurious brands like the Land Rover and the Jaguar. Tata motors acquisition of these two top brands was that the acquisition of JRL would help it reduce its over dependence on India as it formed its capital marker accounting for almost 90 percent of all of its sales. The company was convinced that this acquisition would present the company with a lot of opportunities to venture its business across different segments that marked a lot of potential in customer acquisition (Bhabatosh, 2010). In this regard Tata gained almost a 100 percent stakes in some companies. For instance it gained stakes in three U.K. pants, approximately twenty six sales companies nationwide, two advanced engineering and design centres, IP right, allowances for taxes amounting to approximately $1.1 B in addition to $600 worth of pension. Tatas main motivation in making this acquirement was based on the fact that they would be now able to outsource their products to many countries globally. Other than taking technology from these two brands Tata intended to use their strong markets so that they can introduce their other brands in those areas where these two brands have already penetrated and established in a bit to expand their market a bit more. As highlighted above Tata wanted to build a name outside India and hence make its presence felt in India. Most of it brands had only established a strong market in India and hence not particularly popular in the global market. Tata therefore capitalized on its desire to establish a greatly diversified line up of auto mobiles as this acquisition helped it up grade since it now recognizes as one of the manufactures that owns the cheapest car to some of the worlds most expensive models. Apart from this Tata gained in terms of new technological know-how and all the viable networks that can come as a log with is such a chance hence as earlier stated it will be able to penetrate the global market and hence compete with other manufactures who have already embraced latest technology (Bhabatosh, 2010). On top of this Tata would also be able to upgrade its old products that it has been offering in the blooming local or home market. In addition to using the companies technology Tata will also u se its facilities of production to make desirable improvements in its trucks and cars. Though the acquisition will cost Tata Company an approximate of $1 Billion it would actualize Tatas dream to go international band hence become one of the first brand in India to make global products hence its business will achieve diversity overseas. Major challenges: Despite the benefits that have been identified above Tata also underwent some major challenges as a result of the acquisition of the Jaguar and the Land Rover. One of the major challenges that the Tata Company would face was nurturing these two brands and making them thrive in their own books in the market.   The jaguar and the Land Rover are luxurious and expensive cars and there fore Tata has the uphill task of maintaining it standards and also up grading them so that they will be able to compete with other luxurious brands who are upgrading day in day out in a bid to try and fetch good market by attracting more customers. On the other hand the acquisition also goes to the negative for Tata since it increased Tata volatility in earnings since this happened at a very difficult economic crisis in the JRLs chief markets including the United States and also Europe. Tata motors were liable to incurring huge capital expenditures in its plan to make investments in another U.S $2.3 billion it would spend on the acquisition (Aswathappa, 2008).   Tata motors had also at the same period incurred huge capital expenditures in regard to making developments on one of its cheapest cars the Nano in addition to a joint venture with fiat in order for them to make their manufacturing of some of their vehicles in India. The other problems will be that Tata will encounter difficulties in leveraging Jaguar and Land Rover dealers to sell Tatas products.   This is because Tata has no obvious synergies between them and  JLR and in addition to this Tata has no expertise in kits marketing segments especially at such at a time when some of the markets like the United States and Europe are at a low tide. Tata Motors will also have to contend with stiff competition from other companies that have a good command in selling luxurious car in market segments that have been highly profitable but have been facing intense global competition (Aswathappa, 2008). These segments have other dominant brands which receive a lot of support from big automobile companies. For instanced the Volkswagen which is a car manufacturer of the American decent had been very aggressively backing up their brands like Audi as well as other models like the Mercedes from Daimler and Toyota with it Lexus were putting a lot of pressur e on Tata. The other major challenge that Tata will have in regard to making sales in the Jaguar and the Land Rover will be to sell them in a market that is so competitive and one which is not also growing. If stricter impositions on emission norms are made it would also be a very big challenge for Tata Motors Limited. Apart from these emission and competition norms Tata Motors Limited also face a major challenge in the funding as well as management. To go back to the governments tendency to make increments in markets that are developing to impose emission norms that are stricter the future of Tata Motors would be facing an uphill task. Though ford continues to support Tata Motors with engine supplies and technological support, Tata will eventually have to come up with their own capabilities in regard to building engines that are more advanced, safer and transmission systems in order to be at par with other luxury vehicles manufactures (Aswathappa, 2008). Failure to establish such kinds of capabilities difficulties will arise in distinguishing Tatas brands from those of its competitors. Recommendations: The acquisition was thought to have a host of synergies. For instance, from this deal Tata expected to venture into and premium all terrain vehicles and luxury vehicle segments (Bruner 2004). By combining the resource and the strength of both companies Tata expected to undergo a major improvement in its international market position, something that it ultimately underwent after the successful consummation of the deal.   This gave the company an entry point to the luxury car market a move that was expected to improve their balance sheet and increase their presence in the global market .this is because the luxury car market has a global presence .Tata motors also expected to improve their global marketing by acquiring the brands that were already known all over the globe by exploiting the markets that the acquired company already had ventured into. The company also expected to tap the technical expertise that the Land Rover and Jaguar employees had. Therefore the company expecte d to improve their sales and manufacturing practices this is gaining from the expertise that they had acquired while work for their former company. There were also expectations that the skills that they had acquired while working for the acquired company could be passed on to the Tata company employees through their interactions therefore the company had expectations that their human resource capital would improve as a result of working and interacting with the employees of the acquired brands. Thus their combined technological expertise from the two companies was also expected to give birth to more superior products in future and new better practices that could lead to more market opportunities.   The acquisition was also expected to enhance the sharing of industrys best practices and especially in manufacturing sector and also in the system and process of quality assurance. This is because the two companies had different best practices that made them unique and as a result of their coming together new improved ways of doing things was one of the expected outcomes. In 2007 the acquired company had 75% sales in the UK, USA and European market while Tata was more reliant on the Asian market especially the Indian market therefore Tata motors   expected to   exploit these market that the acquired company had already broken to .in other words if Tata motors had tried to enter these markets with only their own brands the marketing cost would have been extremely higher and therefore increased their cost but with the brands that had already acquired consumer loyalty all over Europe and in the UK and USA market marketing their own brands alongside the acquired ones was ex pected to be gainful and less cost prohibitive. The move was expected to reduce the Tata motors reliance on the Indian market and the company expected to improve their sales and profits through this diversity. It was also through this acquisition that Tata got a broader utility vans and SUV portfolio and therefore improved their range of brands. This improvement in their portfolio would have cost the Tata motors a lot in terms of designing and market entry not to mention the manufacturing cost.   This implies that they acquired the technical skills that already had been applied and would have increased their production costs of the company to develop on their own and to introduce their products into the market before winning the customers. Therefore through this acquisition Tata gained in terms of cost reduction market, portfolio improvement .In the luxury car market Tata would have probably taken years to break into this market and spent a lot of money to design a product that would have become widely acceptable as a luxurious model   and compete with   those already in the market and are widely accepted in this class as the jaguar .Therefore by acquiring jaguar the compan y immediately gained a competitive advantages in the industry and in the luxury car market since the brand was already widely accepted (Carney 2009). In terms of saving time and costs therefore the company immediately gained after acquiring the jaguar brand. This puts Tata in an advantageous position in the luxury car market in that should they choose to increase their portfolio in this sector they can market their new models alongside the jaguar model and therefore exploit the brand loyalty that jaguar commands in the market. The company also gained from the supply chains that the acquired brands already had this also plays a part in their cost reduction strategies. Tata had the advantage of having lower production cost while their acquisition had higher production cost and therefore unprofitable. The acquisition therefore could help the jaguar and land rover models reduce their cost by applying the cost saving measures that made Tata enjoy lower production cost. This would certainly help the two brands return to profitability. Conclusion The acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover was gainful to the Tata motors in that the company immediately gained competitive advantages in the industry since Jaguar and Land Rover in the SUV and luxury car market these brands were already widely accepted. The company also gained cost reduction advantages because in the luxury car market Tata would have probably taken years to break into this market and spent a lot of money to design a product that would have become widely acceptable as a luxurious model .Tata also gained in that they acquired the technical skills that already had been applied .They also lowered their production costs since to develop on their own brands and to introduce their products into the market and win their customers would have increased their costs.

Competition of Apple versus Microsoft :: Technology

Microsoft and Apple are the two leading corporations in the rapidly growing electronic business. Apple Inc. was incorporated January 3, 1977, ('Apple Investor Relations Investor FAQ') one year after Microsoft was funded. In August 1981, Microsoft launched its first version of Windows version 1.0 sparking the competition between Microsoft and Apple. ('Introduction to Microsoft Windows') Microsoft is better than Apple because, people are more familiar with Microsoft Windows rather than Mac OS (Operating System) X. It is easier and cheaper to upgrade Microsoft's software and hardware rather than the Mac PC, and Microsoft's corporation also has much more to offer to the public than Apple Inc. It is true people are more familiar with Microsoft Windows rather than Apple's Mac OS X. After the release of Microsoft's Windows 3.0 in the 1990's, the Apple corporation fell, and more and more people started purchasing Microsoft's Windows, and forgetting that Apple even had an OS. ('1990-1995: Apple vs. Microsoft in the Enterprise.') While Apple only tried to sell their product to the upper class citizen and top businesses, Microsoft looked for ways to push their software out in any and every possible direction. ('1990-1995: Why the World Went Windows') Due to this renown, Microsoft has gained much business and publicity in both the corporate and public worlds. Today Microsoft Windows is everywhere, in almost every office, and in millions of homes around the world. Also, schools across the United States are running Microsoft Windows on their computer hardware. Microsoft Windows? interface and many of their features greatly differ from that of Apple?s Mac OS X. Since both schoo l systems and most major businesses run Microsoft Windows, it benefits to run Microsoft Windows in your own home instead of Apple?s Mac Os X because it would be more difficult to operate something that one is not familiar with. Microsoft products have become some of the most affordable and efficient products in the computer industry. Microsoft?s official website offers free and easy installation of new upgrades and updates for your Microsoft software. Also Microsoft Windows offers a free built in firewall, and security against viruses and spyware. All parts for a Microsoft computer are upgradable and interchangeable as long as the required version of Windows is on the PC. Before Apple started using Microsoft software for the Mac PC (also known as the iMac), the only upgradable hardware for an iMac was the RAM (random access memory), therefore, the only option would be to buy an entirely new PC if something went wrong.

Electronic Health Record Essay

In the proposed scenario. a Clinical Nurse Specialist ( CNS ) with a Post-Masters Nursing Informatics Certificate has decided that the 100 bed infirmary that she works in would profit from transitioning from paper charting to utilizing an electronic wellness record ( EHR ) system. She has done initial clinical research and has a solid foundation of best-patient-practice grounds that support this alteration. She has besides researched and studied the information on the government’s websites HealthIT. gov. and CMS. gov refering to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health ( HITECH ) Act of 2009. HITECH is a stimulus bundle approved by the US authorities leting $ 19 billion dollars to be divided between infirmaries and physicians â€Å" who demonstrate â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic medical records† ( ARRA HITECH Solutions. 2015 ) . She knows that the best manner to choose and establish an EHR is to piece a squad of members with assorted fortes refering to the ends outlined in the phases of HITECH. Stage 1- Data gaining control and sharing. Stage 2- Advance clinical procedures and Stage 3- Improved results. Each of these phases has it’s ain meaningful usage standards. As seen in the diagram to the left. The CNS Begins by taking the members of her squad from assorted subjects in the infirmary. Because this will intend corporate broad alterations and acceptance. Her list includes the following. from the IT section. a Clinical Nursing Informatacist- chosen for a forte in how nurses interact with package and what is required for nurses to efficaciously care for patients. and the Director of Clinical Informatics- chosen for an overall cognition base of the infirmaries information sciences resources and demands including what package and hardware is presently available. what has worked or failed in the yesteryear and what alterations will necessitate to go on to maintain the infirmary compliant with patient privateness and safety ordinances. She will besides necessitate a Corporate Project Manager to form and circulate information to the assorted off-site entities related to the installations that will necessitate to be on board with this alteration across the corporation. A Chief Medical Information Officer will be cardinal in supplying the position of the doctors and their peculiar demands and ends. and to be a affair for the staff physicians when the EHR rollout occurs. A Chief Information Officer will convey cognition about the hospital’s twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours maps that will necessitate to incorporate into the new EHR along with how those systems presently function. A Chief Nursing Information Officer will hold their finger on the pulsation of each nursing unit and be cognizant of the different user interface demands that will be needed by different sections for the the specific type of flow and care given. Last. a Chief Financial Officer will be able to steer the squad on subjects refering governmental support and current assets along with assisting to make and keep a budget as required with the acquisition of new package and hardware. he will besides be able to work with each department’s budget shapers when the clip comes for apportioning preparation hours and equipment purchases. Along the manner the squad will necessitate to convey in sub-specialists to give information and feedback as they hone the new system. but for now the assembled squad will be responsible for researching. choosing and implementing the best EHR for their infirmary. A. 2 a-e ) Choose 2 real-life computerized direction systems and analyse them by comparing their advantages and disadvantages. urge the best pick to run into the ‘MU’ demands. depict how the characteristics of the recommended system meet the guidelines outlined in the three phases of meaningful usage. depict the impact on quality of patient attention. certification and results. The squad is cognizant that presently they have a computerized system that they use for coverage and tracking labs. radiology and programming. but all certification is paper based. They consider the monetary value point involved with adding faculties to the bing McKesson package V buying and implementing an wholly new EHR called EPIC. EPIC appears to be user friendly and able to seamlessly connect all of the installations under the umbrella of their corporation. They make a list of some of the pros and cons associated with each system. McKesson has the top of being a system they have already worked with and it has different plans that can be pieced together to run into some of the meaningful usage ( MU ) standard for conformity. They already have a working relationship with this seller and some experience with the merchandise. Once the treatment gets traveling. the squad realizes that there are many more bad points than good with McKesson. In their experience. the package faculties are connected in a bit-by-bit manner that makes it hard for plans to interface. Quite often data is merely lost and non retrievable. There are different informations entry systems for the different types of sections i. e. OR. ER. labour & A ; bringing. Med/Surge. radiology. and pharmaceutics. The different systems do non let for across the board data harvest home and that makes it hard and clip devouring to track reportable nursing and CMS indexs. The aesthetics of McKesson are something that is often complained about by the staff. due t o miss of typical colour passage and oculus weariness. Last. the group is really loath to go on on constructing their EHR base with McKesson because the PCPs in the country will non be able to entree infirmary records. and office visit information will non be available to the infirmary based staff. Due to the demand for increased adult male hours in serving McKesson. deficiency of distinct informations sampling. and the hapless continuity of attention related to PCPs non holding entree to hospital informations and frailty versa. the squad decides to take Epic alternatively. Epic has the down side of being a system that will necessitate a big initial spending of financess. The infirmary will hold to buy package. and related hardware. They will hold to spread out the IT and biomedical technology sections to back up and keep the new system and equipment ( something that would hold been necessary to a smaller grade with McKesson ) . They will hold to turn to some retrofitting demands related to wiring and computing machine instillment and in conclusion preparation will be a really large issue. Despite the possible down sides. the squad comes up with a long list of grounds that EPIC is the right system to take. To get down with EPIC is all one system. It allows for seamless interdepartmental interfacing. The PCPs in the country already utilize a version of EPIC and this will let for easy data exchange and a patient’s information will follow them easy. The EPIC system has a medicine rapprochement signifier that is easy viewable to all attention givers and pharmaceuticss in the country. maintaining path of each patients reported medicine dosage and frequence. EPIC has a ‘my chart’ characteristic that allows patients see labs. after visit sum-ups. and to interact with doctors about scheduling. medicines and lab consequences. EPIC has many built in safe guards. including watchword protection. unin terrupted backup and recovery plans so no information is lost. and the seller provides go oning support as needed. EPIC comes in 3 pre-bundled. customizable templets. each already set up to run into the Meaningful Use ( MU ) standard without holding to change the plan. The squad can look at the three available options and find if one fits them absolutely. or happen the closest one and change it to suit their specific demands. Some illustrations of how EPIC will run into the Stage 1 MU standards are computerized physician order entry. look intoing for drug interactions and allergic reactions automatically. tracking demographics. maintaining current diagnosing. medicine and allergy lists. leting patients to hold electronic entree to dispatch sum-ups. and it gives patients electronic entree to doctors. Once the infirmary has used EPIC for at least two old ages. some illustrations of how EPIC will assist run into the Stage 2 MU standards are ongoing patient informations entry and discreet sampling for study coevals. The squad will go on to develop the package that demonstrates interoperability in sharing of lab consequences with other suppliers and systems. Security hazard appraisal will be on-going and built into the system. Smoking position will be tracked on all patients 13 and older and the EPIC package is designed to steer the installation from run intoing the Phase 1 standards to run intoing the Phase 2 standards. Phase 3 MU aims are projected to better results. The squad is waiting on the concluding opinion for what the Phase 3 guidelines will be and in the average clip they have a jutting end of concentrating on primary bar steps and bettering overall population wellness. This will include recommended inoculation reminders. smoking surcease aid. healthy life style and repast planning recommendations. and annually medical examination reminders generated by primary doctors that will crossover to hospital patient charts. Some of the better benefits of EPIC include point and click check in the appraisal Fieldss. this allows for distinct sampling of information. EPIC utilizes a coverage work bench that will reap requested. reportable informations and assemble it into a user friendly templet. This will profit the infirmary by cut downing former man-hours required to happen and roll up informations for clinical quality steps. public wellness coverage. and CMS indexs. Discrete informations trying from EPIC will do the infirmary a benefit to the community every bit good by leting it to track tendencies and supply information to community wellness nurses. EPIC comes with the ability to set up difficult Michigans and reminders that allow real-time users to be cognizant of demands for attention coordination and patient specific followups or recommended proving related to handling chronic conditions. It will besides let for symptom goaded order entry Fieldss to be instantly available in emergent state of affairss where clip taken to look for those things could intend a worse result. This is particularly of import when people present with symptoms of shot or bosom onslaught. Another EPIC benefit is the different degrees of bedside specific PHI protection related to sensitive attention. EPIC has a ‘break the glass’ functionality refering to all sexual assault and psychiatric admits. This map merely allows relevant staff to open and see these patients charts. any others are shown a pop-up warning and a notice is sent to get down an probe of any other individual who logs in to theses charts. The squad is impressed with the information provided by EPIC refering scanning patients and medicines at the bedside and the decrease in medicine mistakes this causes. The scanners will incorporate with the medicine distributing machines already in usage at the infirmary. One of the major benefits of EPIC is the order entry physique. Each doctor. with a minimum sum of preparation. can custom-make the order entry procedure to reflect their demands. Medicine orders are immediately linked to a druggist to duplicate cheque for allergic reactions. and right dosing information. and so the medicine becomes available. via PYXIS machines on the unit for the RN to administrate at the bedside. The bedside dosing requires the patient and medicine to be scanned. further extinguishing possi ble mistakes. and provides a pop-up warning if an exigency override is required during any of these stairss. While the squad acknowledges that developing and clip to go familiar with the new charting and bedside everyday alterations will ab initio impact patient attention in a negative manner. they have a program in head to maintain the patients educated on the new system alterations and the awaited better attention available to the patients across the board from establishing an EHR system. Having the patients ask inquiries and give existent clip feedback will assist the squad tweek their preparation and bedside modus operandis to give better. more organized attention that consequences in traceable results. This is merely an overview of some of the many maps EPIC has that persuaded the squad to take it as the new EHR system for the infirmary. ( EPIC and McKesson related information was culled from the writers ain experience with the systems and personal interviews with multiple members of the information sciences section at St Francis Hospital. Indianapolis campus ) . A. 3 a ) Use of Quality Improvement Data EPIC has point and click appraisal check and a standardised certification format that links related informations. This allows for distinct informations trying related to things like CMS indexs. The infirmary will be able to track conformity with things like ‘door to EKG’ times in the exigency section. Foley catheter usage and attendant CAUTIs. and the clip from when a patient presents with shot symptoms until a cat scan is done and/or whether the patient receives antithrombolytics as a consequence. The infirmary will besides be able to bring forth studies on mistakes that occur the via the Risk Monitor Pro incident tracking package. This will let them to go on researching and bettering procedures. A. 3 B ) Security Standards and Methods EPIC has 24 hr monitoring of staff usage while logged in. and the records they entree. This is of import because 100s of staff members will be utilizing the system and at that place has to be answerability if employees were to look up their ain records. or the records of friends or household. This information can be tracked and the employee interviewed and disciplined if needed. EPIC besides comes equipped with incident coverage package called Risk Monitor Pro. All staff members are encouraged to utilize this format to describe any incident that might justify farther probe. It covers every location. type of employee. type of equipment. patient. visitant or seller. Risk Monitor Pro signifiers are used to describe possible or sensed hurts. faulty equipment. lookout events and things that have the possible to do injury or harm. This information can be followed up on by the hazard direction squad. so that procedure betterment is an on-going procedure. The squad works with members from the IT section and programs for primary informations storage with a redundant back up storage unit that at the same time updates so if the primary waiter fails there is no loss of information. They have besides planned for a 2nd. off site informations storage centre that can be used in instance of exigency to guarantee continuity of services. and maintain things up and running while the primary system is off line for ascents. Last back up tapes will be kept at a 3rd site in instance both of these countries are compromised. and the system can be rebooted and running once more within 72 hours. A. 3 degree Celsius ) Explain how the system will protect patient privateness and meet HIPAA demands EPIC will protect patient privateness in a figure of ways. End User entree is limited to merely being able to entree the information needed to make their occupations. Making the accessible information different for nurses. doctors. enrollment clerks. radiology technicians. commission members etc. Forces will merely be granted entree once they have completed security preparation and have signed certification saying that they understand the legal hazards and duties when accessing protected wellness information ( PHI ) . Persons outside the infirmary will hold entree to EPIC every bit good. for illustration nursing place doctors. They will hold a read merely entree granted. but will necessitate multiple patient identifiers to entree the information. Besides. as mentioned earlier. EPIC will use security related chart difficult Michigans like ‘Break the Glass’ . A. 3 vitamin D ) Explain how the recommended system meets HIPAA demands EPIC helps to run into HIPAA demands with machine-controlled enforcing of entree policies. and pro-active alertness that links straight to the hazard direction section. necessitating strong watchword policies. and automatic logout at terminal user work Stationss. EPIC allows suppliers to protect the unity of informations and retrieve original informations in the instance of it being altered or damaged. EPIC users are required to hold appropriate preparation to be able to entree the system. and can be locked out in the instance of expiration. Portable devices carry encoding package that does non let for 3rd party informations extraction or entree. EPIC can besides rapidly bring forth studies with distinct trying related to assorted signifiers of entree. The bulk of conformity will be the duty of the staff with written policies. documented countenance plans and probe that is ongoing. consistent and documented. A. 3 vitamin E ) Describe how following the system will cut down costs to the organisation Establishing this new system will ab initio bring forth more costs. but in the long tally will salvage the infirmary money in many ways. Meeting the ARRA/HITECH Act demands will assist to countervail those cost with fiscal inducements and avoiding mulcts and punishments. Having readily available trial consequences will diminish the costs and labour associated with reiterating lost or illegible consequences. With superior organisation and informations drumhead tools. the cost for labour associated with analyzing charts separately and bring forthing studies will be exponentially lower. The demand for transcriptionists will be greatly reduced by using command package. Facilities for storage of paper charting cost money for upkeep and staffing. An electronic database should do charge and insurance claims easier to treat and thereby generate gross faster. The clip it takes for doctors to pass traveling over complicated medical histories with patients is greatly reduced by holding that information readily available in a database. â€Å"According to a recent survey. when infirmaries rely on advanced electronic wellness records they can salvage up to 10 per centum per patient admission† ( â€Å"Advanced EHR Cuts Hospital Costss By 10 % Per Admission. † 2014 ) . 4. A ) Explain why active nursing engagement in the planning. choice. and execution of the systems is of import to the success of the execution procedure and meeting meaningful usage demands Active nursing engagement is of import to the success of implementing any procedure that affects care given at the bedside. For the system to be optimized for usage. nursing suggestions and feedback are critical. EPIC knows this and has a squad of nurses on staff to work with the installation in developing end-user interface. ‘Nurses’ from the infirmary include the advocators. CNS’s. NP’s. LPN’s. directors. and bedside attention givers. each with a specific focal point and experiences that are valuable when assisting to make up one's mind how charting should work. Any thing that pulls a nurses attending off from the patient. or is deflecting or hard to work with lessenings the sensed degree of attention and increases the potency for mistakes. The wellness attention ends of meaningful usage include bettering efficiency. safety and quality while diminishing disagreements. affecting patients and their households in their attention. bettering public wellness results. bettering attention coordination. and progressing security and privateness of PHI ( Gregory & A ; Klepfer. 2010 ) . All of these things are the foundation of every interaction a nurse has with a patient. This is why nursing is one of the most sure professions. harmonizing to the Gallup pole web site. nurses come out on top at 80 % when people were asked to rate â€Å"the honestness and ethical criterions of people† in different given Fieldss ( â€Å"Honesty/Ethics in Professions | Gallup Historical Trends. † n. d. ) . Because standard nursing attention already meets the ends outlined for meaningful usage. the most of import thing the mean nurse can make is to work hard to be competent using the selected EHR package. Advanced users and nurse leaders are of import to assist steer the EHR choice procedure in the way that will better the bedside interactions and user interface. Clinical nurse specializers have advanced instructions and convey the nursing doctrine to the choice and execution procedure. All of these functions are critical to the success of any EHR execution.

Ujian Matematik Tambahan

Sekolah Menengah Sains Muzaffar Syah Melaka 75450 Air Keroh Melaka Ujian 2 2007 Additional Mathematics Form 4 Time : 75 Minuets INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES 1 This question booklet consists of three parts, Section A and Section B. and Section C Answer All Question in Section A and B and two Question of section C 2 Give only one answer/ solution to each question. 3 Show your working . It may help you to get marks. 4 The figures/diagrams given in a problem in this question booklet would provide useful information to solve the problem. However, it might not be drawn to scale. 5 Write the answer in the answer sheets provided. All solution methods must be clearly shown. You may loose marks if important working steps are not properly shown. 7 The marks for each question or part-question are shown in brackets. 8 You may use a non- programmable scientific calculator. The following formulae may be helpful in answering the questions. The symbols given are the ones commonly used . 1 x = ?x N 6 Ar c length, s = r ? 7. Area of sector , A= 1 2 r ? 2 2 x = ? = ? fx ? f ? (x ? x ) N 2 8. = y=uv, 3 ?x N 2 dy dv du =u +v dx dx dx ?x 2 9 2 4 ?= ? f ( x ? x) ? f = ? fx ? f 2 ?x 2 du dv v ? u u y = , dx = dx 2 dx , v dy v dy dy du = ? dx du dx 10 5 ?1 ? ?2N? F? M = L+? C ? fm ? ? ? ? ? Section A 1 Answer all questions The mean of x+ 3, 2x – 5, x + 7, x and 3x + 7, is 12 . Find (a) the value of x (b) median [ 4 marks ] Answer : (a) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (b) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. A set of examination marks a1 , a2, a 3, a 4, a5, a6, has a mean of 5 and standard deviation of 1. 5 Find (i) the sum of the marks, ? a , (ii) the sum of the squares of the marks, ?a 2 [ 3 marks ] Answer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. The mean of a set of four positive integers is 6. When a number y is taken out from the set, the mean becomes 5. Find the value of y. [ 3 marks ] Answe r †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. The mean of the set of numbers 2. 5, 3. 6, 4. 3, 5. 8, x is 4. . Find the standard deviation of the set of data. Give your answer correct to three decimal places [3 marks] Answer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ________________________________________________________________________ 5 Marks Number of student 1 -20 2 21 – 40 1 41- 60 5 61 – 80 14 81 – 100 8 Table above shows the marks obtained by a group of students I a monthly test. Find the standard deviation of the marks. Give your answer correct to two decimal places. [ 4 marks ] Answer :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ __________________________________________________________________________ _ 6 (a) Convert 231 o 11 ‘ to radian (b) Convert 1. 455 to degree and minutes [ 2 marks ]Answer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Diagram 1 shows a sector AOB with centre O . A 5c m O 0. 5 rad 5c m B DIAGRAM 1 Find the area of the shaded segment [ 4 marks] Answer :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 r A O 63 o B Diagram 2 shows a circle with centre O. Given that the length of the major arc AB is 62. 21 cm, find the length of the radius, r , in cm. [3 marks ] DIAGRAM 2 Answer :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Diagram 3 shows two arcs, AD and BC, for two circle with centre O and radius OA and OB respectively. 12 cm ? 10 cm 10 cm DIAGRAM 3 Given that the length of arc BC is 12 cm , OD is 10 cm and OD : DC = 5 : 2 Find , a) ? , in radian b) the are of the shaded region ABCD. 4 marks] Answer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ __________________________________________________________________________ _ Section B Answer two question only [ 20 marks ] 1 Table 1 shows the marks of 80 students in an examination. Marks No of Students 50 – 59 8 60 – 69 25 TABLE 1 (a) Calculate the mean marks of the student. [ 3 marks ] 70 – 79 22 80 – 89 18 90 – 99 7 (b) Draw a histogram and estimate its mode [ 4 marks ] (c) Without drawing an ogive, calculate the median marks of the students [ 3 marks ] 2 Diagram 4 shows sector AOB and sector OED with centre O and E respectively . OCE is a right angle triangle. A cm C BO D ? RAJAH 6 E Given that ? AOB is 500 , OA = 10 cm , OE = 8 cm and OB : BC = 2 : 1. Calculate (a) (b) (c) ? and radian, [2 marks] perimeter of the shaded region in cm, [4 marks] area of the shaded region in cm2. [4 marks] 3 a) Find the value of 4 3 i) limit x ? 3x + 2 x x>4 x 2 ? 64 ii) limit n >8 x ? 8 [3 marks] b) Find dy of y = 3Ãâ€"2 by using first principle dx [2 marks] c) Differentiate the following with respect to x 1 i) y = x + ? 5 ii) y = 2Ãâ€"3 ( 3x -5)4 x 128 d) Given that f(x) = 2x – 3 find f ? (2 ) x [ 3 marks ] [ 2 marks ] END OF QUESTION PAPER Prepared By †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Pn Saripah Ahmad Approved by,